How many Southeast Asian states are in this glossary?

99 — every Southeast Asian territory the atlas draws, from the Trưng sisters (c. 40–43 CE) to the states on the map today. Each entry lists its dates, its peak extent and the sources it was written from.

Which is the oldest Southeast Asian state on the map?

The Trưng sisters, c. 40–43 CE — the first territory the atlas draws in Southeast Asia. The most recent to appear is Palau (1994–present).

Which Southeast Asian state covered the most ground?

Of the territories mapped here, Indonesia reached the largest area — about 2.1M km² at its peak, as drawn by the border data.

Glossary · Southeast Asia

Every Southeast Asian territory on the map

Funan, Angkor, Srivijaya, Majapahit, Ayutthaya.

Entries: 99
Span: AD 43 – today
Eras: 6

What this region covers

Mainland and maritime Southeast Asia — from Funan, the Pyu city-states and Champa, through Srivijaya, Angkor, Pagan, Majapahit, Ayutthaya and the Malay sultanates, to the states on the map today.

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The Indianized kingdoms

AD 43 – 800 15 entries

c. 40–43 CE Trưng sisters Lạc Việt rebel state in the Red River Delta led by sister-queens Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị against Han rule, crushed by Ma Yuan.
1st century – 627 CEKingdom Funan Mekong Delta kingdom or mandala of Indianized ports, said founded when a foreign prince married the native queen Liễu Diệp.
c. 2nd century BCE – c. 1050 CE Pyu city-states Tibeto-Burman city-states of the Irrawaddy valley, each with its own king, with Sri Ksetra emerging as the leading center.
192–1832 CEKingdoms Chámpa Coastal Cham kingdoms of central Vietnam founded when Khu Liên rebelled against Han rule, later Indianized under Hindu kings.
c. 358–669 CE Tarumanagara Earliest Hindu kingdom of western Java, known chiefly through the inscriptions of its ruler Purnawarman.
544–602 CE Early Lý Dynasty Independent Vietnamese kingdom of Vạn Xuân founded by the rebel Lý Bí after driving out Liang Chinese forces.
c. 550–802Kingdom Chenla Successor Khmer polities to Funan known to the Chinese as Chenla, whose king Isanavarman I founded the capital Isanapura.
648–1388 CEKingdom Lavo Kingdom Mon Buddhist kingdom of the Dvaravati world centered on Lavapura, fought over by Angkor, Tambralinga and Pagan.
c. 750 CE–1292 Haripuñjaya Mon kingdom of the Ping River valley founded, per chronicle, when hermits invited the Lavo princess Camadevi to rule from Lamphun.
669/670–1482 CE Galuh Kingdom Sundanese Hindu kingdom of eastern West Java, split from Tarumanagara at the Citarum River, known from oral tradition.
c. 671–1025Thalassocracy Srivijaya Maritime Buddhist thalassocracy near Palembang, dominating the Strait of Malacca until modern scholars rediscovered it.
669/932–1579 CE Sunda Kingdom Sundanese Hindu kingdom of western Java descended from Tarumanagara, whose court fell in the Battle of Bubat against Majapahit.
c. 706/707–802 CE Land Chenla Northern half of the Khmer realm of Chenla after its Tang-era split, its unity as one state doubted by modern historians.
c. 706/707–c. 790 CE Water Chenla Southern maritime half of divided Chenla in the Mekong Delta, which fell under Java's Shailendra dynasty before its fall.
802–1431 CE Khmer Empire Angkor-based Khmer empire founded when Jayavarman II proclaimed himself god-king, building the temple-cities of Angkor.

Angkor, Pagan and Srivijaya

800 – 1240 6 entries

Tai kingdoms and Majapahit

1240 – 1450 19 entries

Sultanates and the spice trade

1450 – 1700 21 entries

Konbaung, Chakri and the colonial century

1700 – 1945 23 entries

The modern states

1945 – today 15 entries

Common questions

How many Southeast Asian states are in this glossary?: 99 — every Southeast Asian territory the atlas draws, from the Trưng sisters (c. 40–43 CE) to the states on the map today. Each entry lists its dates, its peak extent and the sources it was written from.
Which is the oldest Southeast Asian state on the map?: The Trưng sisters, c. 40–43 CE — the first territory the atlas draws in Southeast Asia. The most recent to appear is Palau (1994–present).
Which Southeast Asian state covered the most ground?: Of the territories mapped here, Indonesia reached the largest area — about 2.1M km² at its peak, as drawn by the border data.