Glossary · Europe
Every European territory on the map
Rome and its heirs, the Holy Roman Empire, the nation-states.
- Entries
- 430
- Written so far
- 430 of 562
- Span
- AD 1 – today
- Eras
- 7
What this region covers
Europe so far: antiquity and the migration period — the Bosporan Kingdom and the Greek city-states, Rome and its western collapse, the successor kingdoms of the Goths, Franks, Burgundians and Lombards — and the early medieval British Isles, from the Anglo-Saxon and Welsh kingdoms through Alba, the Danelaw and the Norman conquest to the Icelandic Commonwealth; and early medieval continental Europe — the Frankish successor realms, the Frisian and Low Country polities, the steppe khaganates, the early Slavic and Balkan states, and the Italian and Mediterranean duchies and emirates; and medieval Iberia — the Caliphate of Córdoba and the taifa kingdoms of al-Andalus, the Nasrid emirate of Granada, and the Christian kingdoms and Catalan counties from León and Navarre to the crowns of Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Spain; and medieval eastern Europe and the Balkans — the Rus' appanage principalities and Muscovy, the Polish and Silesian duchies, Bohemia, Hungary and Lithuania, the Baltic crusader states, and the Serbian, Bosnian, Bulgarian and Romanian polities; and medieval France and the Low Countries — the Capetian kingdom and its great duchies and counties, the Alpine and Pyrenean principalities, the Valois-Burgundian state, and the Dutch, Belgian and Luxembourgish successor states; and medieval and early modern Italy, Sardinia, Sicily and the Latin East — the maritime republics and communes of Genoa, Pisa, Florence and Milan, the Norman-Hohenstaufen-Angevin-Aragonese kingdoms of Sicily and Naples, the Sardinian judicates and the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Crusader and Byzantine successor states of the Latin East, and the Napoleonic and Risorgimento-era Italian republics and kingdoms; and the Holy Roman Empire and its world — the Empire itself and its successor confederations, the ecclesiastical and secular principalities, the imperial free cities and the Hanseatic League, the Swiss confederacies, and the Scandinavian kingdoms; and the Turkish beyliks, the Ottoman Empire, the Tatar khanates of the steppe, and the Christian and Muslim states of the Caucasus; and early modern Europe — the Iberian and Portuguese empires, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Cossack lands, the Baltic empires of Sweden and Denmark-Norway, the early modern British Isles, and the small sovereignties of Italy and the Alps; and Revolutionary and Napoleonic Europe — Imperial France and its sister republics, the German, Italian, Dutch and Swiss satellite states, the Duchy of Warsaw, and the settlement at Vienna; and Europe from the 19th-century nation-states to the present — the Balkan kingdoms, the interwar and wartime states, the Cold War's divide, and the post-1991 and present-day map through September 2026. The rest of Europe is on the map and is being written up.
Nothing matches that.
Antiquity and the Roman world
AD 1 – 400 17 entries- 438 BC – c. AD 370/527 Bosporan Kingdom Greco-Scythian kingdom on the Kerch Strait ruled from Panticapaeum, called the first genuinely Hellenistic state.
- 3rd century BC – AD 580 Caucasian Iberia Ancient Georgian kingdom of the eastern Caucasus ruled from Mtskheta, whose king adopted Christianity in the 4th century.
- AD 1–83 Greek City-States Hundreds of independent Greek poleis, from democratic Athens to militarised Sparta, rather than one unified state.
- 1st century BC – c. 7th century AD Lazica Kingdom on the eastern Black Sea coast, heir to ancient Colchis, whose fortress of Petra guarded the southern approach.
- AD 1–394 Roman Empire Mediterranean empire from Augustus's principate to Theodosius I's death, stretching under Trajan to Mesopotamia.
- AD 1–50 Thracian Kingdom Union of over forty Thracian tribes founded by Teres I, peaking under Sitalces before falling to Macedon.
- AD 30–206 Goths East Germanic people said to have migrated from Scandinavia, later splitting into Tervingi and Greuthungi branches.
- to 436 Burgundians East Germanic people first recorded near the Rhine, whose settlement under Gundahar was destroyed by Aetius in 436.
- 2nd–5th centuries Norse Germanic peoples of Iron Age Scandinavia, a warrior society of chiefdoms known through weapon-graves and runic inscriptions.
- 4th–6th centuries Ripuarian Franks Frankish subgroup settled along the middle Rhine at Cologne, absorbed into Clovis I's realm after his rival's murder.
- 260–274 Gallic Empire Breakaway western Roman Empire founded by general Postumus, ruling Gaul and Britain from Cologne until Aurelian's reconquest.
- AD 283–787, 793–799 Saxons Decentralised Germanic confederation of northwestern Germany, conquered by Charlemagne after the long Saxon Wars.
- AD 337–438 Vandals East Germanic people whose crossing of the Rhine in 406 with the Alans and Suebi shattered Gaul's frontier defences.
- AD 358–509 Salian Franks Northwestern Frankish branch settled in Toxandria as Roman allies, ancestors of the Merovingian dynasty of Clovis I.
- AD 387–479 Angles Germanic people from the Angeln district of Schleswig who migrated to Britain and gave England its name.
- 395–476 Western Roman Empire Western half of the Roman Empire after the 395 division, ruled from Ravenna and ended by barbarian conquest.
- AD 396–425 Visigoths Migration-era people descended from the Tervingi, who crushed Rome at Adrianople and sacked Rome under Alaric I.
The migration period
400 – 500 19 entries- AD 414–438 Alans Iranian nomadic Sarmatian people of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, split after Hunnic conquest into rival western groups.
- 411/443–534 Burgundian Kingdom Second Burgundian realm resettled in Savoy after 436, ruled from Lyon by Gundobad until conquered by Clovis's sons.
- 409–585 Kingdom of the Suebi Germanic kingdom of Roman Gallaecia ruled from Braga, later converted from Arianism by Martin of Braga.
- 370s–469 Hunnic Empire Multi-ethnic steppe confederation of debated origin, ruled at its height by Attila, the Scourge of God.
- 418–721 Visigothic Kingdom Elective Germanic monarchy running from Aquitaine to the Umayyad conquest, ruled from Toulouse, Barcelona and Toledo.
- 5th–6th centuries Brythons Romano-Celtic people of post-Roman Britain, fragmented under local kings and pushed west by Anglo-Saxon settlement.
- AD 441–533 Anglo-Saxon England Germanic-ruled polities of Britain after the 5th-century adventus Saxonum, later forming the shifting Heptarchy kingdoms.
- 489–493 Ostrogoths People descended from the Greuthungi Goths who, under Theodoric the Great, overthrew Odoacer to found a kingdom in Italy.
- 467–487/488 Rugiland Arian Christian kingdom of the Rugii on the Danube in Lower Austria, destroyed by Odoacer after dealings with Saint Severinus.
- 3rd century – 8th century Kingdom of Alamannia Confederation of Germanic cantons on the upper Rhine and Danube, defeated by Clovis I at Tolbiac and reduced to a duchy.
- 481–843 Kingdom of the Franks Frankish realm founded by Clovis that grew into Charlemagne's empire before it was divided among his grandsons.
- 5th century – 531 Thuringian states Germanic kingdom of central Germany allied by marriage to the Ostrogoths, destroyed by the Franks at the Unstrut in 531.
- 461–486 Kingdom of Soissons Last Roman rump state in northern Gaul, held from Soissons by Aegidius and his son Syagrius until Clovis's victory.
- AD 476–533 Kingdom of Thuringia Thuringian royal dynasty whose queen Basina left her husband to marry Childeric I, becoming mother of Clovis I.
- 568–774 Lombards Germanic people who invaded Byzantine Italy under King Alboin, founding a realm of autonomous duchies centred on Pavia.
- 455 – 9th century Kingdom of Kent First Anglo-Saxon kingdom, traditionally founded by Hengist and Horsa, whose king Æthelberht became the first Christian ruler.
- 477 – 9th century Kingdom of Sussex South Saxon kingdom founded by Ælle at Cymenshore, the last Anglo-Saxon realm converted to Christianity.
- 493–553 Ostrogothic Kingdom Romanised Germanic kingdom of Italy founded by Theodoric the Great, ruling from Ravenna as an Arian elite over Catholics.
- AD 500–1002 Scandinavian minor kingdoms Mosaic of Norwegian petty kingdoms ruled by local kings and chieftains before Harald Fairhair's traditional unification.
The successor kingdoms
500 – 800 54 entries- 454–567 Kingdom of the Gepids East Germanic kingdom that won Dacia after shattering Hunnic power at Nedao, destroyed by an Avar-Lombard alliance in 567.
- 530s? – 686 Wihtgar Small Jutish kingdom of the Isle of Wight, whose last pagan king Arwald was killed resisting Cædwalla of Wessex.
- 559 – 7th century Kingdom of Deira Anglian kingdom north of the Humber founded by King Ælle, subject of Pope Gregory's famous angels not Angles pun.
- AD 534–799, 840–869 Kingdom of East Anglia Kingdom of the East Angles ruled by the Wuffingas dynasty, reaching prominence under King Rædwald before Viking conquest.
- AD 534–665 Kingdom of Essex Kingdom of the East Saxons covering London's hinterland, converted under King Sæberht before falling to Mercia and Wessex.
- AD 534–625 Kingdom of Lindsey Anglian kingdom around Lincoln repeatedly contested between Northumbria and Mercia, its monarchy doubted by some scholars.
- AD 534–655, 661–829, 840–883 Kingdom of Mercia Midland kingdom of the border folk that dominated southern England under Penda and Offa before its defeat at Ellandun.
- AD 534–740, 755–787, 806–935 Kingdom of Wessex West Saxon kingdom traditionally founded by Cerdic, which under Alfred the Great led resistance in the Viking wars.
- AD 540–787 Bavarians Tribal duchy of the Baiuvarii ruled by the Agilolfing dynasty from Regensburg, annexed after Duke Tassilo III's deposal.
- AD 540–899 Dál Riata Gaelic kingdom straddling Argyll and Antrim, founded by the legendary Fergus Mór and expanded under Áedán mac Gabráin.
- AD 540–1055, 1066–1084 Kingdom of Brycheiniog Welsh kingdom of the upper Usk valley with a part-Irish founding dynasty, its royal crannog raided by Mercia in 916.
- AD 540–946, 960–1055 Kingdom of Gwent Welsh kingdom between the Wye and Usk named after Roman Caerwent, conquered by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn around 1055.
- AD 540–921, 960–1093, 1099–1284 Kingdom of Gwynedd Pre-eminent north Welsh kingdom centred at Aberffraw, founded in legend by Cunedda and later ruled by the House of Aberffraw.
- AD 540–1055 Kingdom of Morgannwg South-east Welsh kingdom named for Morgan Hen, whose last native king was deposed by the Norman lord Fitzhamon.
- AD 540–859, 878–899, 911–946, 960–1039, 1085–1093, 1099–1168 Kingdom of Powys East-central Welsh kingdom bordering Mercia, commemorated on the Pillar of Eliseg and divided after Madog ap Maredudd's death.
- AD 555–611, 633 Kingdom of Bernicia Northern Anglian kingdom centred on Bamburgh, founded by Ida and united with Deira to form Northumbria.
- 567–822 Avar Khaganate Nomadic steppe empire of the Carpathian Basin founded by Bayan I, which extracted vast tribute from Byzantium.
- AD 567–632, 641–723 Duchy of Thuringia Frankish duchy of central Germany established after conquest of the Thuringian kingdom, later a march against Slavs and Saxons.
- AD 567–576, 638–646, 724–1009, 1918–1921, 1992–2024 Georgia Cross-referencing thread for early Georgian polities of Iberia, Lazica and Abkhazia, unified under Bagrat III around 1008.
- 571–1077 Duchy of Benevento Autonomous Lombard duchy of southern Italy known as Longobardia Minor, which fractured before Norman absorption.
- AD 577–586, 741–749, 775–777, 860–865, 875–887, 898 Duchy of Spoleto Lombard duchy of central Italy whose Duke Guy briefly became Holy Roman Emperor before absorption into the Papal States.
- AD 577–586 Duchy of Tuscia Lombard duchy centred on Lucca that became the March of Tuscany, peaking under Matilda of Canossa before fragmenting.
- AD 577–627 Hwicce Anglo-Saxon sub-kingdom of the south-west Midlands around Worcester, absorbed into Mercia while its diocese endured.
- AD 587–824 Breton kingdoms Short-lived Carolingian-era kingdom of Brittany built by the rebel Nominoë, fragmented by Viking invasions.
- 1861–1946 Kingdom of Italy Constitutional monarchy proclaimed in 1861 under Victor Emmanuel II, ended by referendum after Fascist rule in 1946.
- AD 592–625 Kingdom of Dunoting Small Welsh sub-kingdom of Gwynedd named for Dunod ap Cunedda, known chiefly through cautious medieval genealogy.
- AD 592–646 Kingdom of Rheged Brittonic kingdom of the Old North famed through Taliesin's praise-poetry for its king Urien, its location still debated.
- AD 602–709 Dumnonia Brittonic kingdom of the south-west peninsula cut off from Wales by defeat at Dyrham, its last king Geraint beaten by Wessex.
- AD 602–771 Magna Frisia Pagan Frisian realm along the North Sea coast centred on the trading port of Dorestad, conquered by Charles Martel.
- AD 612–632, 634–935 Kingdom of Northumbria Kingdom uniting Bernicia and Deira that reached a golden age of learning under Bede before defeat by the Picts.
- 623/631–658 Samo's Empire Earliest known Slavic political confederation, led by the Frankish merchant Samo, who defeated a Merovingian army in battle.
- AD 629–632, 661–731, 750–767, 888–895 Aquitaine Duchy and later subkingdom of south-western Gaul, subdued by Charles Martel after Duke Eudo's defeats and victories.
- 650–969 Khazar Khaganate Turkic steppe empire between the Black and Caspian Seas, famed for its ruling elite's conversion to Judaism.
- 632–668 Old Great Bulgaria Short-lived nomadic Onogur-Bulgar confederation founded by Khan Kubrat, broken apart under Khazar pressure.
- AD 638–777 Kingdom of Lazica Western Georgian kingdom on the Black Sea coast fought over by Byzantium and Persia, later joined to Abkhazia by Leon II.
- AD 644–1033 Kingdom of Strathclyde Brittonic kingdom centred on Dumbarton Rock, sacked by Vikings in 870 before absorption into the Scottish kingdom of Alba.
- AD 661–749 Carantania Slavic principality of Carinthia known for its ducal ritual at the Prince's Stone, drawn into Frankish overlordship.
- 7th century – 1240 Volga Bulgaria Bulgar state on the middle Volga controlling trade between Europe and Asia, the first Muslim state in what is now Russia.
- 681–1018 First Bulgarian Empire Danubian state founded after Asparuh's Bulgars defeated Byzantium at Ongal, converted to Christianity under Boris I.
- 580/588–888 Principality of Iberia Georgian polity governing eastern Kartli after Persia abolished its monarchy, ruled by a prince confirmed by Constantinople.
- 697/810–1797 Republic of Venice Maritime republic of the Venetian lagoon ruled by an oligarchy of doges, grown rich on trade between Europe and the East.
- AD 710–946 Cornwall Last British kingdom of the south-west, a remnant of Dumnonia retaining its own language, absorbed into Wessex.
- AD 710–717 Merovingian Empire Later Frankish Merovingian dynasty, whose kings became figurehead rois fainéants as power passed to the mayors of the palace.
- 800–888 Carolingian Empire Frankish realm at its greatest extent, founded by Charlemagne's coronation in 800 and divided by the Treaty of Verdun.
- 718–924 Kingdom of Asturias First Christian kingdom of post-conquest Iberia, founded by the nobleman Pelagius after his legendary victory at Covadonga.
- AD 724–731 Kingdom of Neustria Western Frankish subkingdom between the Loire and the Silva Carbonaria, whose rivalry with Austrasia ended at Tertry.
- AD 741–805, 850–925 Duchy of Croatia Early medieval Croatian principality of Dalmatia ruled by the Trpimirović dynasty, recognised by Pope John VIII in 879.
- 756–1870 Papal States Central Italian territories under papal temporal rule, founded through the Donation of Pepin after Rome's Lombard defeat.
- 756–929 Emirate of Córdoba Independent Umayyad state of al-Andalus founded at Córdoba by the fugitive prince Abd al-Rahman I, who began its Great Mosque.
- AD 763–1027, 1034–1138 Duchy of Naples Byzantine duchy of the Campanian coast that grew autonomous under its own dukes, absorbed into Norman Sicily around 1139.
- 602–1058/1453 Duchy of Gascony Frankish march founded to control the Basques south of the Garonne, later united with Aquitaine and joined to France.
- AD 768–925, 936–961 Principality of Serbia Early medieval Serbian principality of Raška ruled by the Vlastimirović dynasty, caught between Byzantine and Bulgarian power.
- AD 783–787 Frisia Coastal region of Frisian settlement along the North Sea, which kept distinctive law after losing independence to the Franks.
- AD 793–799 Frisians Germanic seafaring people of the North Sea coast who held they owed allegiance only to the emperor, not any feudal lord.
The early medieval west
800 – 1000 62 entries- 833–907 Great Moravia First major West Slavic state of the Morava valley, peaking under Svatopluk I after the mission of Cyril and Methodius.
- AD 814–839 Principality of Nitra Early West Slavic principality centred on Nitra under Prince Pribina, annexed by Mojmír I to help form Great Moravia.
- AD 825–865 Kingdom of Pamplona Early Basque kingdom around Pamplona founded by Íñigo Arista, which under Sancho III the Great dominated much of Iberia.
- AD 825–829 Kingdom of Sobrarbe Small Pyrenean county whose largely legendary status as an early constitutional kingdom justified later Aragonese liberties.
- AD 830–921 County of Aragon Pyrenean county around Jaca founded in the Carolingian orbit, later made a kingdom by Sancho III for his son Ramiro.
- AD 840–910 Magyars Finno-Ugric tribal alliance of the Pontic steppe under a dual kingship, whose land-taking overran the Carpathian Basin.
- AD 840–865, 875–899, 990–1009, 1015–1039, 1056–1065 Principality of Capua Lombard principality of Campania that seceded from Benevento, warring its neighbours before falling to the Normans in 1058.
- AD 840–979, 990–1084 Principality of Salerno Prosperous Lombard principality of Campania famed for its medical school, captured by the Norman Robert Guiscard in 1077.
- 843–962 East Francia Eastern third of the Carolingian realm allotted to Louis the German, forerunner of the medieval Kingdom of Germany.
- 831–1091 Emirate of Sicily Muslim state ruling Sicily from Palermo after an Aghlabid conquest, a cosmopolitan centre before Norman conquest by 1091.
- 843–855 Middle Francia Short-lived, incoherent central kingdom created for Lothair I at Verdun, divided among his sons into Italy and Lotharingia.
- 843–987 West Francia Western third of the Carolingian Empire allotted to Charles the Bald, forerunner of France under the Capetian dynasty.
- AD 866–1084 County of Ribagorza Pyrenean county founded by Raymond I, linked to Sobrarbe by marriage and absorbed into the emerging Kingdom of Aragon.
- AD 866–1421 Giudicato of Arborea Longest-lived Sardinian judicate, ruled from Oristano and codified in the Carta de Logu under Eleanor of Arborea.
- AD 866–1187 Giudicato of Cagliari Southern Sardinian judicate ruled from Santa Igia by the Lacon-Gunale family, destroyed in 1258 by a rival coalition.
- AD 866–1014, 1018–1209 Giudicato of Gallura North-eastern Sardinian judicate centred on Civita, ruled by figures including Dante's friend Nino Visconti.
- AD 866–1065, 1072–1259 Giudicato of Logudoro North-western Sardinian judicate also called Torres, among the wealthiest, partitioned in 1259 among rival powers.
- AD 866–1045, 1056–1401 Kingdom of Norway Norwegian realm traditionally unified by Harald Fairhair, ruling a North Atlantic maritime empire before union with Denmark.
- AD 870–959, 961–969, 1000–1027, 1040–1235, 1279–1808 County of Urgell Catalan county centered on La Seu d'Urgell and Balaguer, ruled by the long Ermengol line until absorption into Aragon in 1413.
- AD 875–1014 County of Pallars Catalan county from the March of Toulouse, split into Jussà and Sobirà, both eventually annexed to the Crown of Aragon.
- AD 878–959 Danelaw Area of northern and eastern England under Scandinavian legal and political control after the Viking settlements of the 870s.
- AD 878–959 Kingdom of Seisyllwg Welsh kingdom of Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi, traditionally founded by Seisyll ap Clydog and merged by Hywel Dda into Deheubarth.
- AD 887–921, 926–959 Upper Burgundy Kingdom between the Jura and the Alps founded amid Carolingian collapse by Rudolph I of the Elder House of Welf.
- AD 896–1176 County of Roussillon Visigothic-origin county around Ruscino, later capital Perpignan, passed to Alfonso II of Aragon after 1172 and to France in 1659.
- 870–1198 Duchy of Bohemia Přemyslid duchy founded by Bořivoj I, whose Christianization is symbolized by the murdered and later canonized St Wenceslas.
- 9th century–1137/1162 County of Barcelona Catalan county from the Carolingian Spanish March, made hereditary by Wilfred the Hairy and mythic founder of Catalonia.
- AD 898–959, 990–1027, 1040–1125, 1169–1235 County of Berga Small Catalan county in the Berguedà detached from Osona, passed to Barcelona and Cerdanya on its last count's death in 1117.
- AD 898–921, 936–989 County of Besalú Catalan county carved out in 878 for Wilfred the Hairy's brother Radulf, inherited by the County of Barcelona in 1111.
- AD 898–910 Nitra Hungarian appanage duchy held by junior Árpád princes as heirs presumptive, abolished by King Coloman around 1107.
- AD 900–1293 Kingdom of Alba Gaelic kingdom in what is now Scotland, traditionally but unreliably credited to Kenneth MacAlpin's union of Picts and Gaels.
- AD 900–910, 926–935 Kingdom of Lower Burgundy Rhône valley and Provençal kingdom created when Boso of Provence had himself elected king, later united with Upper Burgundy.
- 895–1000 Principality of Hungary Magyar tribal confederation formed after the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, led by Árpád, founder of the Árpád dynasty.
- AD 911–921, 1034–1039, 1066–1071, 1111–1125 Kingdom of Galicia Iberian sub-kingdom tied to León and Asturias, its shrine of Santiago de Compostela a pilgrimage center of Christian Iberia.
- 919–962 Kingdom of Germany Elective successor kingdom to East Francia founded by Henry the Fowler, fused with the imperial title under Otto I in 962.
- 910–1230 Kingdom of León Iberian kingdom succeeding Asturias when García I moved the capital to León, uniting definitively with Castile in 1230.
- 911–1204/1259 Duchy of Normandy Viking-founded duchy granted to Rollo by Charles the Simple in 911, whose descendants later conquered England.
- AD 922–925 Upper Burgundy and Italy Brief personal union under Rudolph II as King of Italy before he traded his Italian claims for Lower Burgundy in 933.
- 925–1102 Kingdom of Croatia Adriatic kingdom elevated from a duchy around 925 under Tomislav, the first ruler addressed as king by the pope.
- 929–1031 Caliphate of Córdoba Umayyad caliphate proclaimed by Abd al-Rahman III in 929, reaching cultural apogee under al-Hakam II's great library.
- AD 936–1271 Icelandic Commonwealth Stateless commonwealth without king or executive, governed by chieftains through the Althing until fealty to Norway in 1262.
- 933–1032 Kingdom of Arles Second Kingdom of Burgundy formed in 933 under the Welf-Rudolphian line, inherited by Emperor Conrad II on its last king's death.
- AD 936–1017, 1056–1401 Kingdom of Denmark Ancient Scandinavian monarchy attested by the Jelling stones raised by Gorm the Old and his son Harald Bluetooth.
- AD 936–1017, 1046–1071, 1210–1652, 1662–1708 Kingdom of England Anglo-Saxon kingdom united by Æthelstan's conquest of Viking York in 927, later remade by the Norman Conquest of 1066.
- 10th century–1532 Duchy of Brittany Breton duchy ruled from Rennes and Nantes, contested between Angevin and Capetian spheres before union with France under Anne.
- 1065–1230 Kingdom of Castile Iberian kingdom carved from a frontier county in 1065, uniting definitively with León under Ferdinand III in 1230.
- 800/962–1806 Holy Roman Empire Central European empire tracing to Charlemagne's coronation in 800 or Otto I's in 962, dissolved after a millennium in 1806.
- AD 962–1138, 1305–1449 Kingdom of Poland Piast kingdom founded through Mieszko I's baptism and Bolesław I's coronation, fragmenting after 1138 before later restoration.
- AD 980–1401, 1502–1520, 1526–1611, 1905–2024 Kingdom of Sweden Scandinavian monarchy that became a great power under Gustavus Adolphus before defeat at Poltava broke its supremacy.
- AD 990–1125, 1294–1332 County of Anjou Loire county built up by the castle-builder Fulk III Nerra, source of the Angevin line, conquered by Philip II Augustus by 1206.
- AD 990–1401 County of Blois Middle Loire county of the House of Blois-Champagne, whose members became kings of England and Navarre.
- 10th century–1284/1314 County of Champagne French county centered on Troyes, home to the great Champagne fairs that made it a hub of medieval European commerce.
- 862–1384 County of Flanders Low Countries cloth-making powerhouse centered on Bruges and Ghent, uniquely a fief of the French crown among its peers.
- AD 990–1055, 1066–1110, 1450–1481 County of Maine Frontier county between Normandy, Anjou, and Brittany, absorbed into the Plantagenet realm before Philip II Augustus's conquest.
- AD 990–1027, 1040–1110 County of Osona Catalan county centered on Vic, repopulated by Wilfred the Hairy after the 826 rebellion and tied thereafter to Barcelona.
- AD 990–1065 County of Rouergue Occitan county centered on Rodez, long attached to the counts of Toulouse and then to the counts of Rodez and Armagnac.
- 9th century–1271 County of Toulouse Greatest Occitan principality, ruled by the Raymondine counts over Languedoc, target of the Albigensian Crusade from 1209.
- AD 990–1168, 1188–1215 County of Vermandois Picard county held by the Carolingian-descended Herbertians, absorbed into the royal domain under Philip II Augustus.
- AD 990–1084 County of Vexin Borderland astride the river Epte between Normandy and the French royal domain, where Rollo was once granted Normandy.
- 10th century–1453 Duchy of Aquitaine Vast southwestern French duchy of troubadour poetry, brought into the Angevin Empire through Eleanor of Aquitaine's marriage.
- 987–1792 Kingdom of France Capetian kingdom founded when Hugh Capet was elected and crowned in 987, its authority at first barely beyond Paris and Orléans.
- 1000–1394, 1402–1414 County of Empúries Coastal Catalan county whose counts once launched a fleet against the Balearics, sold into the Crown of Aragon in 1325.
- 1000–1946 Kingdom of Hungary Christian kingdom founded by Stephen I's coronation around Christmas 1000, home to the noble-rights Golden Bull of 1222.
High and late Middle Ages
1000 – 1500 172 entries- 1032–1477 Duchy of Burgundy French royal fief centered on Dijon, built by the Valois dukes into a powerful composite Burgundian state.
- 1010–1271, 1285–1325, 1407–1520 County of Nevers Upper Loire county drawn into the Burgundian orbit, later raised to a duchy held by the Italian Gonzaga family.
- 1008–c. 1490 Kingdom of Georgia Unified Caucasian monarchy founded by Bagrat III in 1008, reaching its Golden Age under David the Builder's reforms.
- 1005/1099–1797 Republic of Genoa Ligurian maritime republic governed by a communal constitution, nicknamed la Superba for its fiercely guarded sovereignty.
- 1000–1406 Republic of Pisa Tuscan maritime commune on the Arno governed by consuls, a Mediterranean sea power until defeat at the Battle of Meloria.
- 1009–1106 Taifa of Alpuente Tiny rural taifa kingdom around Alpuente ruled by the Arab Banu Qasim dynasty before its conquest by the Almoravids.
- 1009–1094 Taifa of Badajoz Iberian taifa kingdom of the Aftasid dynasty stretching from the Douro to the Tagus, annexed by the Almoravids in 1094.
- 1010/1012–1076 Taifa of Dénia Taifa kingdom founded by the freed-slave warlord Mujahid al-Amiri, whose navy seized the Balearic Islands in 1015.
- 1010/1031–1085 Taifa of Toledo Taifa kingdom of the former Visigothic capital ruled by the Dhulnunid dynasty, surrendered to Alfonso VI of Castile in 1085.
- 1039–1060 Taifa of Tortosa Taifa kingdom of the lower Ebro founded by Saqaliba rulers, annexed by Zaragoza in 1060 and later held by Dénia.
- 1010/1011–1094 Taifa of Valencia Taifa kingdom founded by Saqaliba brothers, later ruled as a Christian principality by El Cid from 1094 until his death.
- 1035–1162/1164 Kingdom of Aragon Pyrenean kingdom founded by Ramiro I in 1035, joined to Barcelona through his granddaughter Petronilla's marriage.
- 1011/1012–1104 Taifa of Albarracín Small mountain taifa statelet ruled by the Berber Banu Razin dynasty, conquered by the Almoravids in 1104.
- 1011/1013–1091 Taifa of Almería Taifa kingdom of the silk-weaving port of Almería, ruled by Saqaliba governors before conquest by the Almoravids in 1091.
- 1013–1091 Taifa of Carmona Taifa kingdom ruled by the Zanata Berber Banu Birzal dynasty from Carmona, annexed by Seville in 1067.
- 1013–1090 Taifa of Granada Taifa kingdom of the Berber Zirid dynasty, whose Jewish vizier's family perished in the 1066 Granada massacre.
- 1013–1066 Taifa of Morón Taifa kingdom of Morón de la Frontera ruled by the Zanata Berber Banu Dammar dynasty, annexed by Seville in 1066.
- 1011/12–1065 Taifa of Murcia Taifa kingdom contested among Dénia, Valencia, and Seville, later a center under the twelfth-century Wolf King Ibn Mardanish.
- 1023/24–1053 Taifa of Niebla Taifa kingdom of the Arab Banu Yahsub, annexed by Seville in 1053 and finally conquered by Castile in 1262.
- 1012/13–1051/53 Taifa of Saltés and Huelva Taifa kingdom of Huelva and Saltés island ruled by the Andalusian Arab Banu Bakr, annexed by Seville in 1051.
- 1013–1110 Taifa of Zaragoza Taifa kingdom of the Banu Hud dynasty, whose Aljafería palace survives as the seat of the Cortes of Aragon.
- 1018–1051 Taifa of Santa Maria do Algarve Taifa kingdom centered on Faro, ruled by Said ibn Harun and his son al-Mu'tasim before annexation by Seville.
- 1023–1091 Taifa of Seville Taifa kingdom of the Abbadid dynasty, whose poet-king al-Mu'tamid summoned the Almoravids after his defeat at Sagrajas.
- 1017–1130 Norman Italy Lordships carved out in Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily by Norman adventurers under the sons of Tancred of Hauteville.
- 1040–1063 Taifa of Silves Cultured Algarve taifa kingdom ruled by the Andalusian Arab Banu Muzayn dynasty, annexed by Seville in 1063.
- 1056–1065 Cuman-Kipchak Confederation Loose confederation of Turkic nomadic tribes dominating the western steppe, not a single state, with no fixed ruler or capital.
- 1056–1240 Principality of Chernigov Rus' principality of the Olgovichi Rurikids, whose Prince Igor's disastrous 1185 campaign inspired the Tale of Igor's Campaign.
- 1056–1240 Principality of Kiev Rus' principality and former seat of the Grand Prince, one power among many after Kievan Rus' fragmented in 1132.
- 1056–1146 Principality of Peremyshl One of the contested Cherven towns, a Rostislavichi sub-principality later absorbed into Halych-Volhynia.
- 1056–1240 Principality of Pereyaslavl Southern Rus' frontier principality guarding Kiev against steppe raiders, devastated by the Mongols in 1239.
- 1056–1110, 1202–1249 Principality of Polotsky Earliest Belarusian principality, ruled by the Iziaslavichi Rurikids and later incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
- 1056–1240, 1294–1406 Principality of Smolensk Rus' principality of the Rostislavichi commanding upper Dnieper trade routes, annexed by Lithuania in 1404.
- 1056–1201 Principality of Volhynia Western Rus' principality centered on Volodymyr, united with Halych in 1199 to form the core of Galicia-Volhynia.
- 1072–1138 Kingdom of Duklja Adriatic Serbian principality on the coast of modern Montenegro, whose ruler Mihailo received a royal crown from the pope in 1077.
- 1066 – c. 1154 Norman England Anglo-Saxon kingdom conquered by William of Normandy after his victory at Hastings in 1066, remade by Domesday Book.
- 1085–1176 Kingdom of the Isles Norse-Gaelic realm of the Isle of Man, the Hebrides, and the Clyde islands, founded by Godred Crovan and later split by Somerled.
- 1085–1146 Principality of Terebovlia Rostislavichi Rus' holding whose Prince Vasilko was blinded in a notorious 1097 episode, later merged into Halych.
- 1094–1168 Grand Principality of Serbia Medieval Serbian state of Raška founded by Stefan Nemanja, whose son Saint Sava secured church autocephaly in 1219.
- 1094–1240 Principality of Ryazan Rus' principality on the Oka river, the first sacked by Batu Khan in 1237 and never rebuilt on its original site.
- 1077–1308 Sultanate of Rum Seljuk Turkish sultanate of former Byzantine Anatolia, capital eventually at Konya, a persistent rival of the Crusader states.
- 1111–1249 Principality of Drutsk Minor Rus' principality carved from Polotsk under the Iziaslavichi, fragmenting before its absorption by Lithuania.
- 1111–1215 Principality of Jersika Latgalian principality on the Daugava, a vassal of Polotsk whose king allied with Lithuanians before crusader conquest by 1239.
- 1111–1209 Principality of Koknese Small Orthodox Latgalian principality on the Daugava, vassal to Polotsk, absorbed by the Archbishopric of Riga in 1209.
- 1111–1249, 1260–1313 Principality of Minsk Rus' principality split from Polotsk under Gleb Vseslavich, later passing under Lithuanian control in the 14th century.
- 1111–1187 Principality of Vitebsk Rus' sub-principality split from Polotsk that controlled a key Daugava trade route, later a Lithuanian appanage.
- 1126–1146 Angevins Rulers of Anjou whose Plantagenet realm under Henry II stretched from Scotland to the Pyrenees before Philip II's conquests.
- 1139–1146 County of Portugal Semi-autonomous León county around Porto and Coimbra, ruled by Teresa until her son Afonso Henriques prevailed in battle in 1128.
- 1139–1304 Duchy of Greater Poland Piast duchy around Poznań and Gniezno, whose duke briefly restored the Polish royal crown before his 1296 murder.
- 1139–1146 Duchy of Łęczyca Central Polish duchy often held as a widow's or junior portion, reincorporated into the Crown lands during reunification.
- 1139–1187, 1202–1351 Duchy of Masovia Longest-surviving Piast duchy centered on Płock and later Warsaw, finally incorporated into the Crown in 1526.
- 1139–1168, 1177–1304 Duchy of Sandomierz Piast duchy of Lesser Poland on the Vistula, ravaged by Mongol invasions before reintegration into the reunified Crown.
- 1139–1146, 1169–1304 Duchy of Silesia Piast duchy assigned to Władysław II the Exile, fragmenting into a dozen duchies before passing to the Bohemian crown.
- 824–1620s Kingdom of Navarre Pyrenean kingdom ruled first by the Jiménez line then French dynasties, later split between Aragon, Castile, and Albret.
- 1130–1816 Kingdom of Sicily Norman kingdom crowned under Roger II at Palermo in 1130, famed for its cosmopolitan Norman-Arab-Byzantine court culture.
- 1139–1187 Pomerania Baltic duchy of the native Griffin dynasty, oscillating among Polish, Danish, and Imperial overlords before partition in 1648.
- 1147–1209 Angevin Empire Composite realm assembled by Henry II from England, Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine, lacking real political unity.
- 1139–1910 Kingdom of Portugal Iberian kingdom acclaimed under Afonso Henriques after the Battle of Ourique in 1139, later a leader of the Age of Discovery.
- 1147–1187, 1192–1201 Principality of Halych Rus' principality on the Dniester that rose to prominence under Yaroslav Osmomysl before uniting with Volhynia in 1199.
- 1031–1091 Taifa of Córdoba Andalusian taifa republic governed by the oligarchic Banu Jahwar council, seized by Seville's al-Mu'tamid around 1070.
- 1145–1150 Taifa of Tejada Minor short-lived taifa near Huelva that appeared during the second taifa period, falling to the Almohads around 1150.
- 1162–1716 Crown of Aragon Composite Mediterranean monarchy of Aragon and Catalonia, expanded by James the Conqueror into Valencia and Mallorca.
- 1169–1201 Duchy of Wrocław Senior Silesian Piast duchy centered on Wrocław, passing directly to the Bohemian crown after its last duke's death in 1335.
- 1169–1215 Kingdom of Powys Fadog Northern division of Powys centered on Castell Dinas Brân, its princely title abolished under the Statute of Rhuddlan.
- 1169–1209 Kingdom of Powys Wenwynwyn Southern division of Powys centered on Welshpool, dissolved as an independent principality by 1283 after English conquest.
- 1177–1304 Duchy of Opole Upper Silesian duchy under a distinct Piast line, held under Bohemian suzerainty and producing the magnate Vladislaus II.
- 1177–1271 Kingdom of Mann Sea-kingdom anchored on the Isle of Man, home to Tynwald, whose parliament claims to be the oldest continuous one in the world.
- 1154–1377 Banate of Bosnia Balkan polity ruled by a ban under nominal Hungarian suzerainty, flourishing under Ban Kulin amid a heresy controversy.
- 1188–1235, 1241–1259 County of Boulogne Small but strategic Channel county whose ruler Eustace II fathered Godfrey of Bouillon, Jerusalem's first Latin ruler.
- 1188–1205 Duchy of Kuyavia North-central Polish duchy, home of Władysław the Elbow-high, who used it as a base to reunify Poland.
- 1217–1346 Kingdom of Serbia Serbian kingdom established when Stefan the First-Crowned took the crown, later elevated into an empire under his heir.
- 1188–1240 Principality of Turov and Pinsk Rus principality in the Pripyat marshes of southern Belarus, an early seat often held by the heir to Kiev.
- 1185–1396 Second Bulgarian Empire Balkan empire founded by the Asen brothers in revolt against Byzantium, peaking under Ivan Asen II before fragmenting.
- 1198–1918 Kingdom of Bohemia Central European kingdom whose king held elector status, later the imperial seat of Charles IV and site of the Hussite Wars.
- 1202–1237 Livonian Brothers of the Sword Crusading order founded at Riga to conquer and Christianize Livonia, merged into the Teutonic Order after defeat at Saule.
- 10th century–1473 County of Armagnac Gascon county whose counts rose to prominence, including Constable Bernard VII, leader of the Armagnac faction.
- 1206–1351, 1363–1406, 1440–1501 County of Auvergne Mountainous Massif Central county nominally under the dukes of Aquitaine, splintering into rival Auvergne lordships.
- 1206–1362, 1385–1401, 1440–1481 County of Périgord Occitan county held by the House of Talleyrand-Périgord under Aquitaine and English suzerainty, contested in war.
- 1206–1249 County of Poitou Heartland of the House of Poitiers whose counts doubled as Dukes of Aquitaine, a major theatre of the Hundred Years War.
- 1206–1304, 1363–1491 County of Touraine County long contested between Blois and Anjou, falling to the Angevins before Philip II Augustus conquered it.
- 1205–1479 Despotate of Epirus Byzantine Greek rump state founded as a refuge for exiles fleeing Constantinople, its capital shifting from Arta to Ioannina.
- 1205–1458 Duchy of Athens Frankish state over Attica and Boeotia founded by a Burgundian knight, passing through French, Catalan and Florentine rule.
- 1204–1224 Kingdom of Thessalonica Latin crusader kingdom created after the Fourth Crusade under Boniface of Montferrat, conquered by Epirus within decades.
- 1204–1261 Latin Empire Crusader state set up in Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade, dividing Byzantine lands before shrinking to its fall.
- 1206–1209 Negroponte Euboean island divided into three baronies by Lombard and Veronese barons, later consolidated under Venetian rule.
- 1204–1261 Nicaean Empire Most successful Byzantine successor state, based in northwestern Anatolia, whose rulers retook Constantinople in the end.
- 1205–1432/1460s Principality of Achaea Premier Frankish state in the Morea, founded after victory at Koundouros and organized under the feudal Assizes of Romania.
- 1210–1219 Duchy of Kalisz Greater Poland duchy centered on Kalisz, often united with Gniezno or Poznań before reunited Poland absorbed it.
- 1207–1579 Duchy of the Archipelago Venetian Duchy of Naxos founded by Marco Sanudo to rule the conquered Cyclades, later an Ottoman vassal before annexation.
- 1236 – 1795 Grand Duchy of Lithuania Baltic grand duchy founded under Mindaugas, the only crowned King of Lithuania, later Christianized under Jogaila.
- 11th century–1607 County of Foix Pyrenean county steering an independent course between France, Aragon and the papacy, ruled by Gaston Fébus before Navarre.
- 1230–1715 Crown of Castile United Kingdom of León and Castile formed under Ferdinand the Saint, whose heir Alfonso the Wise wrote a legal code.
- 1224–1246 Empire of Thessalonica Rival Byzantine empire proclaimed after its ruler captured Thessalonica from the Latins, crippled by defeat at Klokotnitsa.
- 1226/1230–1525 Teutonic Order Crusading order invited to fight the pagan Prussians, building a monastic state before secularizing into the Duchy of Prussia.
- 1241–1332 County of Artois County carved from Flanders as a French royal apanage, passing to Burgundy and the Habsburgs before France's reconquest.
- 1232/1238–1492 Emirate of Granada Nasrid kingdom and last independent Muslim polity in Iberia, ruling from the Alhambra as a tributary of Castile.
- from 1246 Capetian House of Anjou French royal cadet line that conquered the Kingdom of Sicily from the Hohenstaufen, losing the island in the Vespers revolt.
- 1250–1313 Duchy of Głogów Lower Silesian duchy whose dukes contended for the Polish crown, fragmenting under Bohemian overlordship.
- 880–1433 County of Holland Imperial fief tracing its counts to Dirk of West Frisia, riven by the Hook and Cod Wars before passing to Burgundy.
- 1003–1416 County of Savoy Alpine county founded by Humbert the White-Handed astride key mountain passes, later raised to a duchy and royal house.
- 11th century–1349 Dauphiné County of Viennois whose counts bore the Dolphin title, transferred to the crown on condition of the heir holding it.
- 1260–1325, 1352–1777, 1780–1805 Duchy of Bavaria German stem duchy re-emerging after the Carolingian collapse, held by the Wittelsbachs and later raised to an electorate.
- 1183/1190–15th century Duchy of Brabant Wealthy, urbanized Low Countries duchy whose Joyous Entry charter guaranteed town rights, later passing to Burgundy.
- 1260–1501 Duchy of Styria Duchy raised from a march, united with Austria under the Babenbergs as part of the Inner Austrian hereditary lands.
- 1260–1271 House of Hohenstaufen Swabian dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors dominating Italy and Sicily, extinguished with the execution of young Conradin.
- 1260–1351, 1385–1414 Margraviate of Brandenburg Northeastern march raised under the Ascanians, gaining electoral dignity before passing to the House of Hohenzollern.
- 1260–1449 Patriarchate of Aquileia Ecclesiastical principality in Friuli whose patriarchs ruled as temporal princes, conquered by the Republic of Venice.
- 1163–1713 Principality of Orange Small sovereign principality on the Rhône raised to imperial rank, inherited by the House of Nassau of Orange-Nassau.
- 1115–1532/1569 Republic of Florence Tuscan commune governed by guild-elite priors under the Signoria, riven by Guelph-Ghibelline strife and the Ciompi revolt.
- 1274–1791 Comtat Venaissin Papal county around Carpentras gained through the Albigensian settlement, joined by purchased Avignon in the 14th century.
- 1272–1325, 1375–1384 House of Anjou-Sicily Angevin line ruling the mainland Kingdom of Naples after the Vespers, patronizing Boccaccio and Petrarch under Robert the Wise.
- 1272–1332 Thessaly Autonomous Greek lordship ruled from Neopatras by an illegitimate son of Epirus's Michael II, later falling to the Catalans.
- 1279–1304 Duchies of Poland Fragmented Polish territories divided among Piast heirs under a seniorate testament, collapsing into feudal disunity.
- 1279–1313 Duchy of Jawor Small Lower Silesian duchy joined with Świdnica, the last Silesian duchy independent of Bohemia before Luxembourg rule.
- 1279–1313 Duchy of Legnica Lower Silesian duchy at the site of a famous battle, whose durable Piast line outlasted every other branch of the dynasty.
- 1279–1293 Grand Duchy of Kraków Indivisible seat of Poland's senior High Duke under the Piast testament, the great prize of the fragmentation wars.
- 1276–1349 Kingdom of Majorca Balearic and southern French kingdom created by the will of James I of Aragon, later reincorporated after invasion.
- 1285–1304 Duchy of Bytom Upper Silesian duchy under a cadet Opole line, among the first to accept Bohemian suzerainty before passing between houses.
- 1285–1304 Duchy of Racibórz Upper Silesian duchy often paired with Opole, passing to the Přemyslid dukes of Opava and into the Bohemian orbit.
- 1282–1816 Kingdom of Naples Mainland Kingdom of Sicily formed when the Vespers severed it from the island, ruled by Angevins, Aragonese and Bourbons.
- 1285–1325 Kingdom of Syrmia Short-lived Hungarian-Serbian holding in Syrmia, its despot title granted to exiled Serbian nobles as a frontier bulwark.
- 1285–1511 Pskov Republic Merchant veche-republic like Novgorod, governed by its assembly with a hired prince as commander, defended by hero Dovmont.
- 1263 – 1547 Grand Principality of Moscow Minor Rus appanage founded for Alexander Nevsky's youngest son, rising through Ivan Kalita to become the seat of the tsars.
- 1294–1304, 1314–1608 Kingdom of Scotland Feudal monarchy consolidated under the House of Dunkeld, surviving Edward I's wars under Wallace and Robert the Bruce.
- 1848–present Swiss Confederation Federal republic created after liberal cantons defeated a Catholic separatist league in the brief Sonderbund War.
- 1305–1362 Ahi Republic Urban civic power at Ankara run by the Ahi craft-guild brotherhood rather than a hereditary bey, admired by Ibn Battuta.
- 1305–1428 Beylik of Aydin Western Anatolian beylik famed for seaborne raiding from its ports near Ephesus, peaking under naval commander Umur Bey.
- 1305–1343 Beylik of Hamid Anatolian lakes-region beylik founded by Felek al-Din Dündar Bey, remembered for selling its lands piecemeal to the Ottomans.
- 1305–1343 Beylik of Karasi Northwestern Anatolian beylik on the Dardanelles, the first beylik annexed by the Ottomans, giving them their first fleet.
- 1305–1414 Beylik of Menteshe Maritime southwestern Anatolian beylik often called the first of the beyliks, its seafaring people dubbed Sea Turks.
- 1305–1325 Eshrefids Small Anatolian lakes-district beylik centered on Beyşehir, remembered for its wooden hypostyle mosque before destruction.
- 1305–1439 Germiyanids Once the strongest western Anatolian beylik, centered on Kütahya, ceded piecemeal to the Ottomans by dowry and bequest.
- 1299–1922 Ottoman Empire Turkish empire grown from a frontier beylik at Söğüt into a power spanning southeastern Europe, Asia and North Africa.
- 1314–1414 Beylik of Saruhan Maritime Anatolian beylik around ancient Lydia founded by a former Germiyanid commander, raiding the Aegean by sea.
- 1314–1362 Catalan Company Band of Aragonese mercenaries under Roger de Flor hired by Byzantium against the Turks, who later seized the Duchy of Athens.
- 1330–1859 Principality of Wallachia Romanian principality between the Carpathians and the Danube, founded by Basarab I after his victory over Hungary.
- 1326–1428 Beylik of Teke Anatolian beylik centered on the port of Antalya, split from the Hamidids and twice annexed by the Ottomans before final rule.
- 1326–1332 Earldom of Ulster Anglo-Norman lordship in northeastern Ireland founded by John de Courcy, later held by the de Burghs until its collapse.
- 1333–1458 Earldom of Desmond FitzGerald lordship of Munster ruling with near feudal independence, heavily Gaelicised before two Elizabethan rebellions.
- 1333–1618 Electorate of Trier Third ecclesiastical electorate whose Archbishop-Elector served as Arch-Chancellor of Burgundy, secularized in the 1800s.
- 982–1678 Free County of Burgundy Imperial fief east of the Saône proud of its free status, passing through Flanders and Valois before Louis XIV's conquest.
- 1333–1594 House of Bourbon French ducal line from a younger son of Louis IX, whose treasonous Constable Charles III lost the duchy to confiscation.
- 1333–1474 Principality of Theodoro Greek Orthodox principality in southwestern Crimea descended from the Crimean Goths, a last rump of the Byzantine world.
- 1333–1374 Principality of Valona Albanian coastal principality centered on Vlorë and the fortress of Kanina, held briefly by the Serbian Balsha family.
- 1342–1350 Commune of the Zealots Radical popular faction that seized Thessalonica during a civil war and governed it in defiance of the aristocracy.
- 1344–1401 Isle of Man Manx kingdom recognized under English lordship for the Earl of Salisbury, later granted to the Percys before Stanley rule.
- 1346–1371 Serbian Empire Balkan empire proclaimed by Stefan Dušan, who issued a sophisticated legal code and reached from the Danube to Corinth.
- 1363–1394 Despotate of Dobruja Autonomous Black Sea principality that broke from the fragmenting Second Bulgarian Empire, named for its ruler Dobrotitsa.
- 1363–1401 Despotate of Vidin Northwestern Bulgarian tsardom on the Danube that split from Tarnovo, falling to the Ottomans and ending Bulgarian rule.
- 1363–1428, 1487–1631, 1636–1699, 1763–1805 Electorate of Saxony Wettin electorate born from the Ascanian Saxe-Wittenberg line, whose Elector Frederick the Wise sheltered Martin Luther.
- 1363–1414 House of Tocco Ionian-island county palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos held by the Tocco family, who used it to reunite much of Epirus.
- from 1360 House of Valois-Anjou French cadet line adopted as heir by Naples's Queen Joanna I, pressing a mostly fruitless claim under René of Anjou.
- 1346/1359–1859 Principality of Moldavia Romanian principality east of the Carpathians founded by revolt against Hungary, whose Stephen the Great won at Vaslui.
- 1375–1421 Albanian Principalities Autonomous Albanian noble lordships emerging after Byzantine and Serbian decline, briefly united by Skanderbeg's League of Lezhë.
- 1375–1421 Despotate of Arta Later Arta-centered phase of the Epirote state under the Tocco family, an Ottoman-pressured rump after losing Ioannina.
- 1402–1459 Serbian Despots Byzantine-titled Serbian rump state ruled from Belgrade by Stefan Lazarević, whose heir built the fortress of Smederevo.
- 1377–1463 Kingdom of Bosnia Balkan kingdom created when Tvrtko I Kotromanić was crowned King of Bosnia and Serbia, ending with his last heir beheaded.
- 1385–1414 Margraviate of Moravia Eastern Czech land raised to a margraviate and long linked to Bohemia, sharing its upheavals while keeping a distinct diet.
- 1358–1808 Republic of Ragusa Aristocratic maritime republic centered on Dubrovnik governed by a one-month Rector to prevent tyranny over the city.
- 9th century–1620 Viscounty of Béarn Pyrenean viscounty uniquely claiming to hold of no one, united with Foix before Henry IV kept it a separate realm.
- 1395–1797 Duchy of Milan Lombard duchy created for Gian Galeazzo Visconti by imperial diploma, later seized by condottiero Francesco Sforza.
- 1397–1523 Kalmar Union Personal union joining Denmark, Sweden and Norway under one monarch, the work of Margaret I, ended by the Stockholm Bloodbath.
- 1422–1563 Livonian Confederation Loose Livonian confederation of the Livonian Order, the Riga archbishopric and allied bishoprics, destroyed by Ivan IV.
- 963–1443/15 Duchy of Luxembourg Imperial county founded around a little fortress, raised to a duchy before passing by pledge to Burgundy and the Habsburgs.
- 959–1766 Duchy of Lorraine Imperial duchy emerging from the division of Lotharingia, whose Duke René II defeated Charles the Bold at Nancy.
- 1447–1450 Ambrosian Republic Milanese commune proclaimed on the death of the last Visconti duke to restore civic liberty, crushed by Francesco Sforza.
- 1441–1783 Crimean Khanate Longest-lived Turkic successor state of the Golden Horde, founded by Hacı I Giray, ruling from Bahçesaray as Ottoman vassal.
- 1448–c. 1482 Duchy of Saint Sava Bosnian ducal title styled by Stjepan Vukčić Kosača honoring the relics of St Sava, giving Herzegovina its name.
- 1453–1551 Qasim Khanate Russian-client Tatar khanate in the Oka valley granted to a Kazan prince in Muscovite service, supplying loyal cavalry.
- 1453–1520 Ryazan Semi-independent Rus buffer principality between Moscow, Lithuania and the Tatars, annexed when its last prince fled.
- 1468–1578, 1612–1810 Kingdom of Imereti Western Georgian kingdom centered on Kutaisi, an Ottoman vassal containing Mingrelia, Guria and Abkhazia until annexation.
- 1468–1578, 1612–1829 Principality of Abkhazia Georgian principality on the northeastern Black Sea coast ruled by the Sharvashidze dynasty, nominally vassal to Mingrelia.
- 1468–1578, 1612–1810 Principality of Mingrelia Western Georgian principality ruled by the House of Dadiani, becoming the region's strongest power under Levan II.
Reformation to revolution
1500 – 1800 35 entries- 1479/1516–present Kingdom of Spain Iberian kingdom formed by union of Castile and Aragon under the Catholic Monarchs, later ruled by Habsburgs then Bourbons.
- 1523/1536–1814 Denmark-Norway Oldenburg dual monarchy of Denmark and Norway plus Iceland and Greenland, ended when Norway was ceded to Sweden by treaty.
- 1525–1701 Duchy of Prussia Baltic duchy created when the Teutonic Grand Master secularised the Order's lands, the first state to adopt Protestantism.
- 1526–1570 Eastern Hungarian Kingdom Rival Hungarian kingdom of the eastern lands, ruled by John Zapolya and backed by the Ottomans against the Habsburgs after Mohacs.
- 1569–1795 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Elective noble republic uniting Poland and Lithuania under a shared Sejm, weakened by the liberum veto.
- 1570–1711 Principality of Transylvania Ottoman-vassal principality in the Carpathians, Protestant and self-governing, famed for tolerance under the Edict of Torda.
- 1579 Union of Utrecht Alliance of northern Low Countries provinces against Spanish rule, later the Dutch Republic's founding compact.
- 1581/1588–1795 Dutch Republic Confederal republic of seven United Provinces from The Hague, contested between Orange stadtholders and Holland's pensionary.
- 1580–1640 Iberian Union Personal union of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns under the Habsburgs, ended by the Portuguese Restoration under John IV.
- 1611–1721 Swedish Empire Sweden's era as a Baltic great power under Gustavus Adolphus, collapsing after defeat by Russia in the Great Northern War.
- 1642–1652 Irish Catholic Confederation Catholic Irish government at Kilkenny during the Confederate Wars, allied with Royalists but destroyed by Cromwell's conquest.
- 1649–1660 Commonwealth of England Republican regime after the execution of Charles I, governed by the Rump Parliament and then Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector.
- 1701–1918 Kingdom of Prussia Hohenzollern kingdom raised from the Duchy of Prussia, built into a great power by Frederick the Great and unified by Bismarck.
- 1709–1802 Electorate of Hanover Welf electorate whose ruler George Louis inherited the British throne, joined in personal union until Victoria's accession.
- 1707–present Great Britain and the United Kingdom State formed by uniting England and Scotland under one Parliament, tested by Jacobite risings and winning the Seven Years War.
- 1804–1867 Austrian Empire Habsburg hereditary lands proclaimed a formal empire by Francis II, dominating Europe's order under Chancellor Metternich.
- 1714–1797 Austrian Netherlands Former Spanish Netherlands under Habsburg rule from Brussels, shaken by the Brabant Revolution before falling to France.
- 1815–present Luxembourg Grand duchy created at the Congress of Vienna in personal union with the Dutch crown, now the world's only sovereign grand duchy.
- 1324–1861 Kingdom of Sardinia Papal fief granted to Aragon that became a Savoyard kingdom centred on Piedmont, nucleus of Italy's later unification.
- 1721–1833 Principality of Svaneti Remote Georgian highland principality in the Caucasus known for its stone tower-houses, gradually absorbed by Russia.
- 1561–1795 Duchy of Courland Vassal duchy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth whose Duke Jacob founded colonies on the Gambia River and Tobago.
- 1755–1769 Corsican Republic Independent Corsican state under Pasquale Paoli with an early constitution, conquered by France after defeat at Ponte Novu.
- 1806–1815 Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic) Napoleonic kingdom in southern Italy ruled by Joseph Bonaparte then Joachim Murat, ended by Murat's execution and Bourbon return.
- 1783–1814 Anhalt Ascanian principality in central Germany split among lines such as Dessau, Bernburg and Kothen before reunification as a duchy.
- 1815–present Netherlands Kingdom formed at the Congress of Vienna joining Dutch and Belgian lands, reduced by revolt but enduring under the Orange dynasty.
- 1783–1814 Waldeck Small impoverished German principality in Hesse that survived by hiring out troops, until its administrative union with Prussia.
- 1783–1814 Württemberg Southwestern duchy centred on Stuttgart whose estates constrained ducal power, later raised to a kingdom under Napoleon.
- 1792–1804 French First Republic French republic proclaimed after the monarchy's fall, passing through the Convention, Directory and Consulate amid the Terror.
- 1797–1802 Cisalpine Republic French sister republic centred on Milan, formed from the Transpadane and Cispadane republics, later renamed the Italian Republic.
- 1569–1859 Grand Duchy of Tuscany Medici grand duchy created by papal elevation of Cosimo I, later Habsburg-ruled and the first state to abolish the death penalty.
- 1797–1805 Ligurian Republic French client republic replacing the Republic of Genoa, retaining Genoa as capital before annexation into the Empire.
- 1798–1803 Helvetic Republic Centralised state imposed on Switzerland by French invasion, deeply unpopular and replaced by a restored federal structure.
- 1798–1799 Revolutionary Roman Republic French-sponsored republic proclaimed after Rome's occupation and the pope's exile, overthrown by Neapolitan forces within a year.
- 1796–1797 Cispadane Republic French client republic south of the Po that adopted the green-white-red tricolour, later merged into the Cisalpine Republic.
- 1800–1807 Septinsular Republic Oligarchic republic of the Ionian Islands under Russian-Ottoman protection, first autonomous Greek state since Byzantine rule.
The modern states
1800 – today 71 entries- 1802–1805 Italian Republic French client state in northern Italy governed by Napoleon as president, converted into the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.
- 1801–1807 Kingdom of Etruria Napoleonic kingdom in Tuscany created to compensate the Bourbon-Parma for their ceded duchy, abolished when Tuscany joined France.
- 1804–1814/1815 First French Empire Napoleon's empire proclaimed after his coronation at Notre-Dame, dominating Europe through victories at Austerlitz and Jena.
- 1806–1870 Duchy of Mecklenburg Northeastern German duchy of Slavic Obotrite dynastic origin, long divided between the rival lines of Schwerin and Strelitz.
- 1806, 1814–1870 Free City of Bremen Hanseatic port on the Weser and imperial free city that preserved republican self-rule, enduring today as a German city-state.
- 1806–1870 Free City of Lübeck Leading Hanseatic city and seat of its diet, whose Lubeck law became the common legal template for scores of Baltic towns.
- 1806–1848, 1853–1870 Grand Duchy of Baden Southwestern margraviate reunited under Charles Frederick and elevated to a grand duchy through Napoleon's favour.
- 1806–1813 Grand Duchy of Berg Napoleonic duchy assembled from Berg and Prussian Cleves for Marshal Murat, dissolved with the Confederation of the Rhine.
- 1806–1918 Kingdom of Bavaria German electorate elevated to a kingdom under Maximilian I Joseph, modernised through Montgelas's centralising reforms.
- 1806–1918 Kingdom of Saxony Saxon electorate raised to a kingdom after Prussia's defeat at Jena, later stripped of over half its land at the Vienna congress.
- 1806–1918 Kingdom of Württemberg Southwestern duchy raised to a kingdom under Napoleon's ally Frederick I, doubling its territory through mediatised estates.
- 1806–1870 Principality of Lippe Small northwestern German principality seated at Detmold, associated with the Teutoburg Forest and the towering Hermann Monument.
- 1806–1870 Principality of Reuss-Gera Thuringian principality whose rulers were all named Heinrich, split into elder and younger lines as tiny German federal states.
- 1806–1813 Confederation of the Rhine Napoleon's German client confederation of states that seceded from the Holy Roman Empire, collapsing after his defeat at Leipzig.
- 1807–1815 Duchy of Warsaw Napoleonic Polish state carved from Prussian partition lands under Saxony's Frederick Augustus, later repartitioned at Vienna.
- 1807–1814 Free City of Danzig Baltic republic under joint Prussian and Saxon protection, ruled in practice by a French governor until Russo-Prussian siege.
- 1807–1813 Kingdom of Westphalia Napoleonic model state ruled by Jerome Bonaparte from Kassel, pioneering equal rights for Jews before collapsing after Leipzig.
- 1814–1870 Free City of Hamburg North Sea Hanseatic port and imperial free city that grew into Germany's greatest harbour, remaining a self-governing city-state.
- 1814 Kingdom of Norway Briefly independent Norwegian kingdom after Danish cession to Sweden, whose liberal Eidsvoll constitution survived under union.
- 1813–1815 Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands Transitional Dutch state under William Frederick after Napoleonic collapse, transformed into the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
- 1815–2024 Andorra Pyrenean co-principality created by treaty between the Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix, still ruled by joint co-princes.
- 1814/1815–1848 Bourbon Kingdom of France Restored French monarchy under Louis XVIII's charter, overthrown in the July Revolution and succeeded by the Orleanist monarchy.
- 1452–1859 Duchy of Modena and Reggio Este duchy centred on Modena, restored after Napoleonic upheaval before its annexation to the unifying Kingdom of Italy.
- 1545–1859 Duchy of Parma and Piacenza Farnese duchy carved from papal territory, passed to the Spanish Bourbons and later ruled by Napoleon's widow Marie Louise.
- 1815–1846 Free City of Krakow City-republic under Russian, Prussian and Austrian protection carved from the Duchy of Warsaw, annexed after a failed uprising.
- 1815–1866 German Confederation Association of German sovereign states replacing the dissolved Empire, dominated by Austria until Prussia's victory at Koniggratz.
- 1816–1860 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Bourbon kingdom merging Naples and Sicily as the largest Italian state, toppled by Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand.
- 1820–1865 Free City of Frankfurt Imperial free city and site of imperial elections, later host to the German Confederation's diet before Prussian annexation.
- 1830–present Kingdom of Belgium Constitutional monarchy formed after the Belgian Revolution under Leopold I, its neutrality twice violated by German invasion.
- 1848–1852 Duchy of Holstein German duchy ruled jointly with Danish Schleswig under a pledge of indivisibility, flashpoint of the Schleswig-Holstein dispute.
- 1848 Italian Nationalists Risorgimento movement for Italian unification led by Mazzini's Young Italy, ending in monarchy rather than his hoped-for republic.
- 2006–present Montenegro Balkan state that restored independence from Serbia by referendum, later joining NATO and advancing toward EU membership.
- 1867–1918 Austria-Hungary Dual monarchy created by the Ausgleich, pairing Cisleithania and Hungary under a shared crown, dissolved after wartime defeat.
- 1870–1940 French Third Republic France's longest-lasting modern regime after the Second Empire's fall, presiding over the Belle Epoque before falling to Germany.
- 1871–1918 German Empire Federal monarchy proclaimed at Versailles under Wilhelm I and Bismarck, collapsing in revolution after wartime defeat.
- 1878–1946 Principality of Bulgaria Autonomous Bulgarian principality carved out by the Treaty of Berlin, later declared full independence as a tsardom.
- 1914–1939 Albania Balkan principality installed by the Great Powers after Ottoman independence, later ruled by King Zog until Italy's invasion.
- 1917–present Finland Parliamentary republic that broke from Russia and survived civil war, later fighting the Winter and Continuation Wars.
- 1918–1992 Czechoslovakia Central European republic formed from Habsburg Czech and Slovak lands under Masaryk, dismembered by the Munich Agreement.
- 1859/1881–1947 Kingdom of Romania Constitutional monarchy formed from the union of Moldavia and Wallachia under Carol I, doubling in size as Greater Romania.
- 1918–1939 Second Polish Republic Restored Polish state under Marshal Pilsudski after over a century of partition, jointly invaded by Germany and the Soviet Union.
- 1919 Ukrainian People's Republic Ukrainian state proclaimed by the Kyiv Central Rada amid the Russian Revolution, partitioned between Soviet Russia and Poland.
- 1918–1941 Yugoslavia South Slav kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the Karadjordjevic dynasty, dismembered by Axis invasion.
- 1920–1939, 1992–2024 Latvia Baltic republic, last of the three to declare independence, annexed by the USSR and free again after the Baltic Way human chain.
- 1918–1933 Weimar Republic Germany's first parliamentary democracy born from the Kaiser's abdication, undone by hyperinflation and rising Nazism.
- 1922–1937 Irish Free State Self-governing dominion created by the Anglo-Irish Treaty, whose terms split the nationalist movement and caused civil war.
- 1933–1945 Nazi Germany Totalitarian dictatorship under Hitler that dismantled democracy, launched World War II and perpetrated the genocidal Holocaust.
- 1937–present Ireland Sovereign Irish state established under de Valera's constitution, neutral in World War II and later the prosperous Celtic Tiger.
- 1939–1975 Francoist Spain Authoritarian dictatorship under General Franco that won the Spanish Civil War, transitioning to democracy after his death.
- 1941–1945 Independent State of Croatia Axis puppet state covering Croatia and Bosnia under Ante Pavelic's fascist Ustase, which ran the genocidal Jasenovac camp.
- 1935–1973 Kingdom of Greece Constitutional monarchy established after independence from the Ottomans, pursuing the Megali Idea until catastrophe in Anatolia.
- 1918–present Iceland Nation that ended its union with Denmark by referendum in World War II, later a founding NATO member amid the Cod Wars.
- 1946–2024 Italian Republic Medieval kingdom succeeding the Lombards under Carolingian then imperial German rule, its crown a ceremonial part of the Empire.
- 1946–1991 People's Socialist Republic of Albania Stalinist dictatorship under Enver Hoxha, breaking with Yugoslavia, the Soviets and China while dotting the land with bunkers.
- 1945–1992 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Communist federation of six republics built by Tito's Partisans, splitting from Stalin and dissolving violently after his death.
- 1946–1990 People's Republic of Bulgaria Loyal Soviet satellite ruled for decades by Todor Zhivkov, transitioning to democracy the day the Berlin Wall fell.
- 1947–1989 Socialist Republic of Romania Personalist communist state under Nicolae Ceausescu, ended by the Eastern Bloc's only violent revolution and his execution.
- 1949–1989 Hungarian People's Republic Communist Hungarian state founded after Horthy's ouster, crushing an uprising against Soviet tanks before Kadar's rule.
- 1990–2024 Lithuania Baltic republic, first of the three to declare independence, annexed by the USSR and a member of the EU and NATO since 2004.
- 1991–present Belarus Post-Soviet state ruled for decades by Alexander Lukashenko, whose disputed re-election triggered mass protests and repression.
- 1992–2024 Bosnia and Herzegovina War-torn Yugoslav successor state that endured the Sarajevo siege and Srebrenica genocide, reorganised under the Dayton Agreement.
- 1992–2024 Croatia Yugoslav successor state that fought a war of independence marked by the sieges of Vukovar and Dubrovnik, later joining NATO.
- 1993–present Czech Republic State formed by the peaceful Velvet Divorce splitting Czechoslovakia, joining NATO and the European Union alongside Slovakia.
- 1992–2024 Estonia Baltic republic, independent days after Lithuania, that outlived Soviet annexation and was first of the three to adopt the euro.
- 1990–present Moldova Post-Soviet state whose Russian-speaking left bank seceded as unrecognised Transnistria, pursuing a pro-European course.
- 1992–2024 North Macedonia Yugoslav successor state constrained by a Greek naming dispute, renamed North Macedonia under the Prespa Agreement.
- 1992–2024 Serbia and Montenegro Rump Yugoslav federation under Milosevic, bombed by NATO over Kosovo before dissolving on Montenegro's independence vote.
- 1993–present Slovakia State formed by the peaceful Velvet Divorce splitting Czechoslovakia, later joining NATO and the EU and adopting the euro.
- 1992–2024 Slovenia Most prosperous Yugoslav successor state, which seceded after the brief Ten-Day War and joined the EU, NATO and eurozone.
- 1991–present Ukraine Post-Soviet state that surrendered its nuclear arsenal for security guarantees, later fighting Russia's annexation and invasion.
- 2000–2024 Kosovo Ethnic-Albanian territory whose war ended with NATO's bombing, later declaring independence from Serbia amid disputed recognition.
Common questions
- How many European states are in this glossary?
- 430, of the 562 European territories the atlas draws — the ones written up so far, running from the Bosporan Kingdom (438 BC – c. AD 370/527) to Kosovo (2000–2024). The rest are on the map and are being written up.
- Which is the oldest European state on the map?
- Of the 430 written up so far, the Bosporan Kingdom, 438 BC – c. AD 370/527. The most recent of them to appear is Kosovo (2000–2024).
- Which European state covered the most ground?
- Of the territories mapped here, the Roman Empire reached the largest area — about 5.4M km² at its peak, as drawn by the border data.